"The photorefractometer method was beneficial in the measurement of refractive errors of school-aged children. The PlusoptiX A12 photorefractometer method may eliminate the need for cycloplegia in the detection of refractive errors in children."

[Comparison of the results obtained from three non-cycloplegic handheld photorefractometers (plusoptiX A12, Retinomax K-plus 3 and Spot) with cycloplegic autorefractometry (Topcon KR-8100) measurement in children.]

Mean patient age 7.63 ±3.41 years

Mean difference of sphere:
0.88 ± 1.5 (0.58 to 1.4) r=0.91

Mean difference of cylinder:
-0.61 ± 0.74 (95% CI -0.66 to 0.77) r=0.81

Mean difference of axis:
71.17 ± 71.04 (95% CI 77.3 to 68.9) r=0.7

Sensitivity, specificity for myopia: 86%, 93%

Sensitivity, specificity for astigmatism: 85%, 98%

Sensitivity, specificity for hyperopia: 40%, 100%

Patient age 1 to 16 years (mean patient age 6.0 ±3.4 years)

Mean difference of sphere:
-0.64 ±0.08 (95% CI -0.82 to -0.46)

Mean difference of cylinder:
0.32 ±0.04 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.41)

Mean difference of spherical equivalent:
-0.47 ±0.07 (95% CI -0.64 to -0.30)

Patient age 6 to 36 months (mean patient age 16.95 ±8.59 months)

Mean difference of sphere:
+0.05 ±1.05D; p=0.43

Mean difference of cylinder:
-0.43 ±0.58D; P=0.01

Mean difference of spherical equivalent:
-0.16 ±1.0D; p=0.01

Patient age 6 months to 18 years

Mean difference of prism diopters:
0.39 PD to near cover-test (95% CI -0.72 to +1.51; p=0.49)
0,17 PD to distance cover-test (95% CI -1.17 to +0.82; p=0.73)

Patient age 3 months to 11 years (mean patient age 5.2 ±2.6 years)

Mean difference of spherical equivalent:
-1.13 ±1.25D (95% CI -3.59 to +1.32)

Mean difference of cylinder:
-0,23 ±0,53D (95% CI -1.28 to +0.81)